![]() That said, space vehicles will more frequently pass through civil airspace and will evolve from rare special events to regular airspace users. The same applies to the number of spaceports for launch and landing operations of space vehicles worldwide. As an effect an increase of spaceflights and suborbital launches can already be observed over the past years and further growth is expected. The emerging market of Commercial Space Transportation (CST) is developing not only efficient and cost effective access to space but is also fostering new concepts of passenger transportation. We also find substantial levels of inefficiency across the European air traffic control market. ![]() A stochastic frontier analysis estimation of the production and cost functions of 37 European air navigation service providers over nine years suggests that the public-private ownership form with stakeholder involvement achieves statistically significantly higher productive and cost efficient en-route levels compared to either a government corporation or a state agency. Economic theory suggests that effort to achieve cost efficiency will be higher in the case of public companies with a board of stakeholders composed of airspace users and in the case of private companies with-stakeholders that are also shareholders. This research focusses on the link between the performance of ANSPs and their ownership form. The ownership form of Air Navigation Service Providers varies across countries, ranging from state agencies belonging to the Department of Transport, to government-owned corporations, to semi-private firms with for-profit or not-for-profit mandates. We suggest introducing the '3DE' metric in future reporting schemes such as RP4, starting in 2024. We also show that the metric is highly sensitive to ATC activities and how this data is produced. We show that the developed concept performs well for a data sample focusing German airspace using the EUROCONTROL NEST simulation tool. We propose complementing current forecast data using the Enhanced Traffic Assessment System-ETAS and introducing the metric '3DE' addressing fuel burn and derived emissions based on initial flight plan data as filed by the airspace user per emissions referring to effectively operated flights including tactical ATC measures. To cope with these expectations, this paper presents a concept to enrich air traffic forecast data with emission data allowing to specifically benchmark ecological performance transparently and fair. Since 2012, this industry is reporting its performance following the SES scheme, currently reference period (RP) 3 being active. Air Traffic not only faces the pandemic effects of a massive downturn in flight movements since 2020 but also a strong societal spirit of expecting significant ecological improvements to be made by the aviation industry, i.e., airlines, airports, and air traffic management.
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